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Background
Melasma is an acquired melanogenesis dysfunction resulting in chronic hyperpigmentation commonly affecting the face and other frequently sun‐exposed areas of the body. Melasma typically presents in women of reproductive age and can significantly impact self‐esteem, negatively affecting one's quality of life. In the United States, melasma is often treated with application of topical agents...
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) was inserted between p-Si and intrinsic zinc-oxide (i-ZnO) to improve the photo responsivity of p-i-n heterojunction photodiodes (HPDs) with a structure of p-Si/SiO2/i-ZnO/n-ZnO. The i-ZnO and n-ZnO layers were grown on the p-Si substrate by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering system. Observations found that the p-i-n HPDs with SiO2 insertion can reduce the leakage current...
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