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Nanocrystalline tetragonal zirconia samples are shown to reach toughnesses between 16 and 17 MPa.m 1/2 , provided the conventional levels of 3 mol% yttria additive are lowered to 1 or 1.5 mol%. For 1 and 1.5 mol% compositions, maximum toughness occurs just below the critical grain sizes of 90 and 110 nm, respectively-i.e. just before spontaneous transformation to the monoclinic phase...