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Integrated management of sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes relies primarily on the application of the lampricide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), into streams to eradicate larval populations. From 1979 to 1999, 1,282 lampricide treatments were conducted on 316 streams. During the period from 1979 to 1989, an average of 52,904 kg active ingredient (kg/yr) of TFM was applied...