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The aim of this paper is to outline the life and work of Chebyshev, creator in St. Petersburg of the largest prerevolutionary school of mathematics in Russia, who permitted himself to be equated only with Archimedes. Chebyshev, who was regularly in Paris, at the latest by 1852, if not already by 1842, a friend of Liouville and Hermite, was the author of ca 80 publications, covering approximation theory,...