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Present-day catarrhines (old world monkeys and hominoids) lack Gal α1-3 Gal β1-4 GlcNAc-R structures (α-galactosyl epitopes) and produce the corresponding anti-galactosyl antibodies (anti-gal), while platyrrhines (new world monkeys) and non-primate mammals possess α-galactosyl epitopes and lack anti-gal. Anti-gal is shown to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum growth in culture in a concentration dependent...