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Coagulation between oil droplets (hexadecane containing 10 −3 mol/L of sodium oleate) and quartz particles in aqueous solutions containing multivalent metal cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ or Fe 3+ ) was monitored, in the absence and presence of citric acid. It was found that citric acid effectively inhibited oil–quartz coagulation caused by the multivalent metal ions. By using...