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Type IV secretion systems (T4SS) are macromolecular assemblies used by bacteria to transport material across their membranes. T4SS are generally composed of a set of twelve proteins (VirB1–11 and VirD4). This represents a dynamic machine powered by three ATPases. T4SS are widespread in pathogenic bacteria where they are often used to deliver effectors into host cells. For example, the human pathogen...
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