The Infona portal uses cookies, i.e. strings of text saved by a browser on the user's device. The portal can access those files and use them to remember the user's data, such as their chosen settings (screen view, interface language, etc.), or their login data. By using the Infona portal the user accepts automatic saving and using this information for portal operation purposes. More information on the subject can be found in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. By closing this window the user confirms that they have read the information on cookie usage, and they accept the privacy policy and the way cookies are used by the portal. You can change the cookie settings in your browser.
Some studies showed that nicotine withdrawal may increase the likelihood to develop anxiety or distress.Nicotine withdrawal symptoms (NWS) may specifically provide an opportunity to learn that physical sensations can be aversive, thus anxiety or distress-provoking.We evaluated whether NWS predict the responding to a test inducing distress, the so called Breath Holding (BH) test, in regular smokers...
Cigarettes smoking may increase the likelihood to develop panic. A recent hypothesis suggests that a cognitive mechanism, triggered by nicotine withdrawal symptoms, would be the pathogenetic explanation of the co-occurrence between cigarette smoking and panic.The literature on alcohol use disorders shows that alcohol withdrawal favors the onset of panic via a biological mechanism called kindling....