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In estimating the effects of toxic substances on ecosystems we generally lack information on the sensitivity (expressed as a no-observed effect concentration, NOEC) of individual species in the field, and have to rely on information from laboratory test species, expressed as a frequency distribution of NOECs. In this case we can express toxic stress as the fraction of organisms that is exposed above...
An integrated fate and effects model was constructed to simulate direct and indirect effects of chlorpyrifos in experimental indoor ecosystems (microcosms) without macrophytes. These microcosms resembled the ubiquitous drainage ditches in the Netherlands. Observed densities of algae, zooplankton and macrofauna were converted to biomass (g DW m−2) for calibration of a bio-energetics model based on...
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