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Arc flash on distribution circuits is a safety issue that can impact work practices for line and substation workers. This paper shows test results for arc flash events in medium-voltage switchgear cubicles and live-front transformer enclosures. Both scenarios can result in more incident energy than the prediction of IEEE 1584-2002. Much higher than expected energies were measured from rack-in style...
According to NFPA 70E, more than 2000 workers are admitted to hospital burn centers per year for extensive injuries caused by arc flash accidents. Arc flash incidents occur when unintended electric current flows through air, superheating the air and causes an explosion. Recognizing the significant threat posed by arc flash hazards, IEEE and NFPA have joined forces on an initiative to support research...
Numerical simulation of micro-bumped flip chips mounted on a TSV interposer is conducted to study the thermal performance of the package. The 3D package, which consists of two chips, each dissipating 4W, is evaluated under various conditions with its thermal resistances θja θjb, θjc and θjma determined according to JEDEC or MIL-STD standard. Instead of building the detailed model, equivalent thermal...
A simplified numerical methodology is proposed to simulate bubble nucleation for flow boiling heat transfer in the microchannels heat sink. Flow boiling characteristics such as bubble departure frequency, bubble grow time, waiting time, and nucleation site density, as well as bubble departure diameter are modeled using empirical theoretical correlations for the bubble nucleation simulation in the...
The Korean Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) device is aimed at advanced tokamak (AT) research. Three years have passed since it achieved its first plasma in 2008. Because it is a superconducting machine and is pursuing AT research, it has unique features in terms of the machine engineering and operation. The toroidal field (TF) magnet coils are made of Nb3Sn, which provide high toroidal...
Thermoelectric units have been promising candidates at micro processor cooling and even at power generation at a micro-watt level. In fact thermoelectric energy converters can directly convert even low-grade heat gradients to electricity. However it has been a challenging task to scale down conventional thermoelectric materials as most of them are not CMOS compatible. Recent works on Silicon Nanowire...
Evolution of superheated electron hole plasma in the warm dense copper is investigated using time resolved x-ray absorption technique. Experimental data indicate a strong electron-phonon non-equilibrium state and it is described with two-temperature model.
The characteristics of a thermopile made of n-poly-SiC/p-poly-Si junctions are investigated and compared with conventional n/p-poly-Si and Al/p-poly-Si thermopiles. The n-poly-SiC/p-poly-Si thermopile has the highest output voltage (~8 mV with 360 mW heater power) and exhibits a lower contact resistance than an identical thermopile fabricated from n/p-poly-Si. Also significant is that the n-poly-SiC/p-poly-Si...
This paper introduces an array of single crystal silicon micro hotplates for differential scanning calorimetry. Based on heat transfer analysis considering tradeoffs between response time, temperature uniformity, and measurement sensitivity, suspended membrane micro hotplates with full backside release were found to be optimal designs. Due to the requirements of routine sample loading, the size of...
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