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Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), based on self-determination theory was validated into Polish conditions. The study was aimed to assess psychometric properties of the SMS on a sample of Polish athletes as well as to determine relationships between SMS factors and gender, level of participation and type of practiced sport. The sample comprised 613 (380 male and 233 female) individual and team, recreational...
INTRODUCTION: The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a major source of dopamine in the mammalian brain. Previous studies have confirmed that the pattern of VTA dopamine (DA) cell spontaneous activity is tonic rather than phasic during an activation state in contrast to deactivation (SWA), generated by urethane anesthesia. However, little is known about the second largest neuronal population in the VTA...
INTRODUCTION: The nucleus incertus (NI) is a bilateral structure located adjacent to the midline of the brainstem, below the fourth ventricle. NI is formed of GABAergic neurons strongly innervating theta pacemaker regions of the brain. Previously, it has been shown that activation of NI induces hippocampal theta rhythms, whereas inactivation impairs it. The NI itself is a part of a network working...
Dopamine plays a key role in the control of behaviour and motor functions. The amount of neurotransmitterreleased into a synapse depends on the firing pattern of dopaminergic neurons, which occurs as a continuum be‑ tween regular and bursting modes of activity. The latter mode results in a phasic increase of dopamine release, whereas a basal level of neurotransmitter is maintained by non-bursting...
The nucleus incertus (NI) is a brainstem structure formed of GABAergic projection neurons. It is located in the dorsal tegmental pons, below the fourth ventri‑ cle. Axons of NI neurons innervate numerous brain re‑ gions, including the septo-hippocampal system. Previ‑ ous studies have shown that the NI is one of the key el‑ ements involved in the induction of hippocampal theta oscillations. More recently,...
Mycotoxins are a wide group of compounds that often occur in food and feeds. These toxins negatively affect living organisms and may pose a risk for consumers’ health. Fish seem to be a particularly vulnerable group because negative effects can be observed at low levels of contamination, much lower than those considered harmful for other farmed animals. Mycotoxins may disturb cellular homeostasis...
This study provides the first data on the occurrence of the mosaic leafh opper Orientus ishidae (Matsumura, 1902) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Poland. This species is native to Southeast Asia, adventive in Europe and feeds on cultivated plants. Orientus ishidae is a well-known carrier of Grapevine fl avescence doree phytoplasma which causes the grapevine yellows disease. Symptoms of phytoplasma diseases...
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