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Astrocytes express surface channels involved in purinergic signaling. Among these channels, pannexin‐1 (Px1) and connexin‐43 (Cx43) hemichannels (HCs) release ATP that acts directly, or through its derivatives, on neurons and glia via purinergic receptors. Although HCs are functional, that is, open and close under physiological and pathological conditions, single channel properties of Px1 HCs in astrocytes...
Monocytes are a class of leukocytes derived from progenitors in the bone marrow and are prevalent in the blood stream. Although the main function of monocytes is to provide innate immune defenses against infection and injury, their contributions to the central nervous system (CNS) disorders are increasingly recognized. In this review article, we summarize the molecular and physiological properties...
Gap junctions form between many cell types. Between neurons, they constitute one class of electrical synapses. Gap junctions are aggregates of membrane channels between the conjoined cells and in mammals they are comprised of connexins, which are encoded by a gene family that has 21 members in humans. Each of the coupled cells contributes a hemichannel to each cell–cell channel. Channel turnover can...
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