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Kin selection plays a major role in the evolution of cooperative systems. However, many social species exhibit complex within‐group relatedness structures, where kin selection alone cannot explain the occurrence of cooperative behavior. Understanding such social structures is crucial to elucidate the evolution and maintenance of multi‐layered cooperative societies. In lamprologine cichlids, intragroup...
Animals may respond to ecological heterogeneity by genetic differentiation or phenotypic plasticity. Responses of organisms to their ecology can include adaptation at various levels of organization, including morphology, behaviour and social structure. Adaptations at one level might constrain or enhance adaptations on other levels, which highlights the importance of understanding their interactions...
Behavioural reactions towards a mirror image are frequently used to measure individual aggression in a standardized way, especially in fishes. However, this approach was criticized recently on several grounds. One point of concern is that mirror tests are often conducted under highly artificial laboratory settings, while there exists a lack of knowledge of how individuals will react towards their...
Helping behaviour in cooperative breeders has been intensively studied in many animal taxa, including arthropods, birds and mammals. In these highly social systems, helpers typically engage in brood care and the protection of dependent young. Such helping systems also exist in cooperatively breeding cichlid species of Lake Tanganyika. However, breeding in these species happens in clefts, narrow holes...
Many anti‐predator benefits of group living are predicted to scale with prey density. Nevertheless, evidence for a general density‐dependent increase of prey survival is scarce. A possible reason for this discrepancy is the reduction of costly anti‐predator behaviour of prey with increasing density, which may offset density‐dependent survival gains. Benefits of group living might hence accrue by...
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