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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on the SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) have achieved remarkable photovoltaic efficiency. However, the commercial SnO2 ETLs show various shortcomings. The SnO2 precursor is prone to agglomeration, resulting in poor morphology with numerous interface defects. Additionally, the open circuit voltage (Voc) would be constrained by the energy level mismatch between...
Motivation
Advanced industrial economies that used to advocate and implement charitable foreign assistance have started to (re)adopt mercantilist development finance by using official development finance credits to support private firms. This seems to be in response to the mercantilist practice of emerging Southern development partners.
Purpose
This article compares mercantilist practice by Northern...
. Understanding the origin and dynamics of hadron structure and in turn that of atomic nuclei is a central goal of nuclear physics. This challenge entails the questions of how does the roughly 1GeV mass-scale that characterizes atomic nuclei appear; why does it have the observed value; and, enigmatically, why are the composite Nambu-Goldstone (NG) bosons in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) abnormally...
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