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Vaccination has been one of the most successful strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by respiratory infections. Recent evidence suggests that differences in the host genetic background and environmental factors may contribute to heterogeneity in the immune response to vaccination. During pre-clinical testing, vaccines are often evaluated in a single mouse inbred strain, which may not...
Bacterial pathogens not only stimulate innate immune receptors, but also activate the complement system. Crosstalk between complement C5a receptor (C5aR) and other innate immune receptors is known to enhance the proinflammatory cytokine response. An important determinant of the magnitude of complement activation is the activity of the alternative pathway, which serves as an amplification mechanism...
Increased serum levels of TNFα and GM-CSF are found in various chronic inflammatory diseases and these cytokines affect the function of circulating and tissue neutrophils. TNFα- and GM-CSF-induced protein expression profiles could, therefore, serve as biomarker for the action of these cytokines in vivo. We stimulated human peripheral neutrophils with TNFα and GM-CSF in vitro and analyzed changes in...
TNFα-induced expression of CD83 in leukocytes is mediated by NF-κb. The aim of our present study was to investigate the underlying mechanism of a unique functional antagonism between GM-CSF and TNFα-induced up-regulation of CD83 in human neutrophils.CD83 was down-regulated by co-stimulation of neutrophils with TNFα and GM-CSF compared to TNFα alone both at the level of mRNA and protein. In marked...
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