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The current monkeypox disease (MPX) outbreak constitutes a new threat and challenge for our society. With more than 55,000 confirmed cases in 103 countries, World Health Organization declared the ongoing MPX outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on July 23, 2022. The current MPX outbreak is the largest, most widespread, and most serious since the diagnosis of the first...
Background
Immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions (IDHRs) to clavulanic acid (CLV) have increased in the last decades due to a higher consumption alongside amoxicillin (AX). Due to its chemical instability, diagnostic procedures to evaluate IDHRs to CLV are difficult, and current in vitro assays do not have an optimal sensitivity. The inclusion of the specific metabolites after CLV degradation,...
Background
The involvement of allergen‐specific (s)IgE in local allergic rhinitis (LAR) has been debated. Here, we investigate the effect of nasal allergen challenge with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (NAC‐DP) in mucosal and peripheral B‐cell subpopulations in LAR patients.
Methods
Nine LAR, 5 allergic rhinitis (AR), and 5 non‐atopic healthy control (HC) individuals were subjected to a 3‐day NAC‐DP...
Background
The prevalence of asthma has increased in recent decades. Among the reasons for this increase is environmental pollution. Pollutants cause bronchial inflammation and introduce modifications in the pollen, making it more allergenic.
Objective
Assess symptoms and medication requirements of asthmatic patients with grass allergies in Madrid (high urban pollution) and Ciudad Real (low pollution),...
The immunological mechanisms involved in drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are complex, and despite important advances, multiple aspects remain poorly understood. These not fully known aspects are mainly related to the factors that drive towards either a tolerant or a hypersensitivity response and specifically regarding the role of B and T cells. In this review, we focus on recent findings on...
Pleiotropic roles of IL‐10. Immune cells including regulatory T cells and B cells, ILCregs, macrophages, and DCs produce IL‐10, which exerts both anti‐inflammatory and pro‐inflammatory effects. In an anti‐inflammatory state, IL‐10 suppresses inflammatory signals from several immune cells. In a pro‐inflammatory state, IL‐10 can induce CD8+T cells to release IFN‐γ and granzyme B. The underlying mechanism...
During the past years, there has been a global outbreak of allergic diseases, presenting a considerable medical and socioeconomical burden. A large fraction of allergic diseases is characterized by a type 2 immune response involving Th2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and M2 macrophages. Biomarkers are valuable parameters for precision medicine as they provide information...
Introduction
Mild non‐immediate reactions (NIRs) to beta‐lactams (BLs) are the most frequent manifestation of drug allergy in children. The diagnostic approach is complex as the utility of skin tests (STs) and lymphocyte transformation tests (LTTs) is controversial. Drug provocation test (DPT) is the gold standard, although no standardized protocols exist. We aimed to investigate the utility of DPT...
Background
Lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) has been widely used to evaluate non‐immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions (NIDHRs). However, the lack of standardization and the low sensitivity have limited its routine diagnostic use. The drug presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) and the assessment of proliferation on effector cells have shown promising results. Flow‐cytometry‐based methods...
Background
Betalactam (BL) antibiotics are the most common cause of drug hypersensitivity. Amoxicillin (AX), which is often prescribed alongside clavulanic acid (Clav), is the most common elicitor. The aim of this study was to determine whether AX and Clav‐responsive T‐cells are detectable in patients with immediate hypersensitivity to AX‐Clav, to assess whether these T‐cells display the same specificity...
Background
Allergic rhinitis (AR) and local allergic rhinitis (LAR) are defined by nasal reactivity to aeroallergens with and without positive skin prick test (SPT), respectively. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether both types of allergen‐specific reactivity can coexist in the same individual.
Methods
Forty‐eight patients with perennial rhinitis symptoms and positive SPT with seasonal...
Background
Drug‐induced maculopapular exanthemas (MPEs) are mediated by Th1 CD4+ T cells. One of the mechanisms of control of Th1 cells in homeostasis is the interaction between the checkpoint inhibitor Tim3 and its physiological ligand galectin‐9 (Gal9). Disorders affecting this axis may be responsible for various autoimmune and immunological diseases. The aim of this study was to determinate the...
Background
Selective reactions to clavulanic acid (CLV) account for around 30% of immediate reactions after administration of amoxicillin‐CLV. Currently, no immunoassay is available for detecting specific IgE to CLV, and its specific recognition in patients with immediate reactions has only been demonstrated by basophil activation testing, however with suboptimal sensitivity. The lack of knowledge...
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