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A 1.02nW current reference is designed with only PMOS transistors, thereby providing inherently low process variation and enabling trim-free operation. Thirty-two measured chips from 5 corner wafers in 180nm CMOS technology show an untrimmed within-wafer spread (σ/μ) of 1.6% and across-corner wafer-to-wafer spread of ±4.7%. The measured average temperature coefficient is 282ppm/°C from −40°C to 120°C...
This paper presents a PLL-assisted crystal oscillator using a current switching phase detector (PD) with intrinsic 90° phase offset for IoT applications. The PLL provides accurate pulse injection timing into the XO, sustaining its oscillation at only 100mV amplitude and ensuring robustness operation across PVT. This technique achieves high energy injection efficiency and avoids the use of power hungry...
Thermal sensing is one of the most commonly desired features in IoT devices to monitor either environmental or system/chip conditions. An accurate temperature sensor usually requires carefully calibrated, high-accuracy ADCs, which prevents their use in ultra-low-power sensor nodes. In some sensing architectures, a highly accurate timing reference can replace the ADC [1]. With this in mind, we observe...
Miniature sensor nodes are ideal for monitoring environmental conditions in emerging applications such as oil exploration. One key requirement for sensor nodes is embedded non-volatile memory for compact and retentive data storage in the event that the sensor power source is exhausted. Non-volatile memory also allows for near-zero standby power modes, which are particularly challenging to achieve...
Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are among the most promising security primitives for low cost solutions of key storage, chip authentication, and supply chain protection. Two types of PUFs exist in literature [1–6], a “strong” PUF with a large challenge-response space [6] and a “weak” PUF providing a limited length key (chip ID) [1–5]. While the former provides better security theoretically,...
Security is a key concern in today's mobile devices and a number of hardware implementations of security primitives have been proposed, including true random number generators, differential power attack avoidance, and chip-ID generators [1-4]. Recently, physically unclonable functions (PUFs) were proposed as a secure method for chip authentication in unsecure environments [5-7]. A PUF is a function...
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