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The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) connects the femur to the tibia through direct insertion sites and functions as the primary restraint to anterior tibial translation. The ACL-to-bone insertion sites exhibit a complex structure consisting of four zones of varied cellular and matrix components, consisting of ligament, non-mineralized fibrocartilage, mineralized fibrocartilage and bone, which allow...
Cartilage compression results in changes in the shape, volume as well as hydrostatic and osmotic pressure of chondrocytes in situ. For example, changes in the cellular osmotic environment have been shown to modulate chondrocyte biosynthesis and gene expression, however, the mechanosensing mechanisms mediating these responses are relatively unknown. Nuclear shape and size changes resulting from cell...
In this study, we report that the sequential application of physiologic deformational loading after culturing with the growth factor TGF-beta3 (for 2-3 weeks) yields significantly stiffer chondrocyte-seeded agarose constructs than cultures in which deformational loading was applied during the initial 2-3 week TGF-beta3 exposure period. Using this culture protocol, engineered constructs were found...
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