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The limited available evidence suggests that endurance training does not influence the pulmonary oxygen uptake ( $$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$ ) kinetics of pre-pubertal children. We hypothesised that, in young trained swimmers, training status-related adaptations in the $$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$ and heart rate (HR) kinetics would be more evident during upper body (arm cranking) than during...