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At a rough electrode electrode surface, the local current densities at peaks and valleys are different even though the macroscopic current distribution over a given surface region is completely uniform. The conductivity conductivity of the electrode electrode material is usually much larger than that of the electrolyte. In this case, the electric field in the vicinity of the interface is non-uniform:...
In the process of metal electrodeposition metal ions are reduced at the substrate substrate , forming adsorbed atoms that diffuse on the substrate surface; these adatoms adatoms will eventually contact other adatoms, forming atomic clusters that may be stable or unstable. Unstable clusters will eventually disappear, while stable clusters will be able to grow, finally forming the film.
The growth rate, composition, microstructure and properties of an electrodeposited metal or alloy are mainly determined by the potential and current distribution at the electrode. It is therefore essential to understand the phenomena that determine potential and current distribution in order to control the film characteristics. For example, an inhomogeneous current distribution may result in a non-uniform...
Electrodeposition refers to a film growth process which consists in the formation of a metallic coating onto a base material occurring through the electrochemical reduction of metal ions from an electrolyte. The corresponding technology is often known as electroplating. Besides the production of metallic coatings, electrochemical metal reduction is also used for the extraction of metals starting from...
The electrodeposition of metals or alloys occurs within a spatial region of finite thickness at the interface (or, more precisely, an interphase) between the growing material and the solution. The structure of this region, in particular the distribution of ions, solvent molecules and other uncharged species, and the resulting distribution of electric charges and potential, has an important bearing...
Electrocrystallization proceeds through the nucleation nucleation of stable clusters, followed by the attachment of adatoms adatoms to these clusters. The kinetics of attachment of incoming atoms to a flat macroscopic surface does not differ from that occurring during the growth of supercritical clusters about four times larger than the critical size; with smaller clusters on the other hand the...
The concentration of electroactive ions ci which determines the overall kinetics of the electrode electrode process differs in general from the bulk ion concentration. This is a consequence of the location of ion discharge, which is at a potential ψ′, different from the bulk solution potential, as it have been noted earlier. Additionally, at high overpotentials, the rate of discharge...
The physical, chemical and mechanical properties, and consequently the performance of electrodeposited metals and alloys usually differ from the reference data reported for the pure metallurgical samples. These variations are due to two main factors: the peculiarities in the structure and microstructure of electrodeposited materials and the presence of impurities impurities . In the case of alloys,...
The thermodynamic conditions of equilibrium for an isolated biphasic system include the equality of the chemical potential chemical potential in the two phases.
The theory of codeposition codeposition of two or several metals is of particular interest, as the current trend in engineering and technology supports the replacement of individual metals by their alloys, which usually feature a wider spectrum of properties. This is particularly true in electroplating technology. In addition, the theory of codeposition codeposition is relevant even when individual...
Electrodeposition is a technology for the production of metals, alloys or composite films, characterized by a unique simplicity of implementation, low capital cost, and high versatility. This technique has been in use since the nineteenth century for the deposition of decorative films, as well as coatings that impart better corrosion resistance, or improved mechanical or wear properties. During the...
A wide range of metals and alloys can be electrodeposited from aqueous solutions. These include most of the mid- and late transition metals, the precious metals, and some of the 4p, 5p and 6p elements. Some early transition metals (V, Mo, W) as well as the elements P and B can be co-deposited only simultaneously with the deposition of the iron iron group metals. Highly reactive elements cannot be...
In the absence of faradaic processes the concentration of reacting species in the electrochemical cell is uniform, and no diffusion layer diffusion layer is formed at the electrode electrode . After imposing an applied potential or a current to the electrode electrode of interest, the concentration profile of the various electroactive species electroactive species changes with time until it...
The properties of electrodeposited metals deviate to a greater or lesser extent from the standard values reported for pure bulk materials obtained by metallurgical methods (for example, crystallized from the melt), which usually exhibit a structure close to the equilibrium one. These deviations are mainly due to a higher density of structural imperfections and the presence of impurities impurities...
This book provide new insights into the theoretical and applied aspects of metal electrodeposition. The theory largely focuses on the electrochemistry of metals. Details on the practice discuss the selection and use of metal coatings, the technology of deposition of metals and alloys, including individual peculiarities, properties and structure of coatings, control and investigations. This book aims...
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