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Although the ongoing GPS modernization studies provide better autonomous positioning accuracy (i.e. a few meters), this accuracy level is not enough for many surveying applications. Depending on the developments in satellite-based positioning technology and GNSS data availability and analysis techniques, some new approaches and algorithms have been proposed in the world of global positioning to enhance...
. The use of GPS for establishing height control in an area where levelling data are available can involve the so-called GPS/levelling technique. Modelling of the GPS/levelling geoid undulations has usually been carried out using polynomial surface fitting, least-squares collocation (LSC) and finite-element methods. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have recently been used for many investigations,...
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