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This chapter describes the scale-up of dense composite hydrogen transport membranes that can separate hydrogen from carbon dioxide and other components of water-gas shift (WGS) mixtures derived from coal gasification. The primary application considered is a hydrogen separation system for production of hydrogen from synthesis gas produced from a coal-fired Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)...
Channelization of the Kissimmee River eliminated flow through the river channel, which allowed the formation of a largely organic deposition layer (ODL) on the river channel bed and stopped active sand transport needed to maintain point bars on meander bends. In 2001, completion of the first phase of dechannelization for the Kissimmee River Restoration Project (KRRP) reestablished flow to the river channel in the Phase I area. This study evaluated changes in the ODL and the number of meander bends with active point bar development (MBPB) following Phase I of dechannelization. Evaluations involved comparing interim measurements made after flow was reestablished to the river channel in the Phase I area but before full completion of KRRP with (a) baseline measurements made before dechannelization and (b) predicted changes based on reference measurements representing the pre‐channelization system. ODL thickness was measured in core samples on fixed transects perpendicular to the river channel. The ODL was thinner during the Interim Period than the Baseline Period and this decrease exceeded the expected change predicted from the reference condition. MBPB was assessed with aerial photography. MBPB increased from the baseline measurement of 0 bends to interim measurements of 27 bends in 2002 and 72 bends in 2009, approximating the increase predicted from the reference condition. The decrease in ODL thickness and the increase in MBPB to levels that meet or approximate the reference condition indicate that these aspects of the river channel are recovering following reestablishment of flow.
Hydrologic conditions were evaluated during a 10‐year Interim Period following completion of Phase I of the Kissimmee River Restoration Project and initiation of environmental water releases from upstream to provide adaptive management of flow to the Phase I area. Phase I construction backfilled 13 km of flood control canal C‐38 and redirected flow into 22 km of reconnected river channel. Evaluations focused on five restoration expectations (performance measures) based on pre‐channelization hydrologic data for the Kissimmee River. Environmental releases resulted in more continuous discharge from upstream, but did not affect the magnitude of discharge. After backfilling of C‐38, water levels in the Phase I area varied with discharge and periodically inundated the floodplain. However, the long, annual recession event, characteristic of pre‐channelization, was not reestablished; instead, most Interim Period years had multiple events with shorter durations and faster recession rates. Mean channel water velocity increased during the Interim Period but was not always in the desired range. Hydrologic conditions throughout much of the Phase I area were affected by the backwater effect of the downstream water control structure. Four expectations showed improvements in terms of number of years met; however, none met the expectation targets. The inability to meet expectation targets reflects in part the incomplete or interim status of the restoration project.
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