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Some researchers have argued that algebra word problems are difficult for students because they have difficulty in comprehending English. Others have argued that because algebra is a generalization of arithmetic, and generalization is hard, it’s the use of variables, per se, that cause difficulty for students. Heffernan and Koedinger [9] [10] presented evidence against both of these hypotheses. In...
In a previous study, Heffernan and Koedinger [6] reported upon the Ms. Lindquist tutoring system that uses dialog and Heffernan conducted a web-based evaluation [7]. The previous evaluation considered students coming from three separate teachers and analyzed the individual learning gains based on the number of problems completed depending on the tutoring strategy provided. This paper examines a set...