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Lamarck and Cuvier built opposite theories concerning the origin of living beings, their links and fate. If they could agree on the bases of the animal classification, they drastically differed in their interpretations. Lamarck claimed the reality of the transformation of species, whereas Cuvier challenged and attacked him fiercely. The two naturalists competed strongly for the leading place in natural...
The fact that ethnographical collections, often ancient, are preserved in archaeological museums nowadays might not be obvious. The material culture of living societies is not, indeed, the priority of archaeologists, who are mainly interested in societies of the past. However, a museological and historical approach makes it possible to study these collections and highlight their differential management...
Jesuit and palaeontologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin died suddenly on the 4th of April, 1955, leaving a large part of his work unpublished. Throughout the rest of the year, the press announced the imminent publication of The Phenomenon of Man, presented as the scientific side of his work. By fall, the book was published, accompanied by an impressive list of prestigious signatures. But over time,...
This article intends to analyse the idea of prehistoric war in French anthropology during the 1914–1939 period. This work consists firstly in understanding how the First World War impacts the main periodical scientific publications concerning the subject of war itself and more precisely our object of study, prehistoric war. Next, the research is pursued in the scientific literature to find the structuring...
A real fascination with Greece arose in Germany at the end of the 18th century with the works of Winckelmann, the founder of scientific archeology. The subject of this text is the German nostalgia for Greece which developed at that time in the circle of the first romanticists and among the thinkers of German idealism. The emphasis will be put on three of the most important figures of German poetry...
The inheritance of acquired characteristics seems to be a trendy hypothesis in the fields of biological and cultural evolution, despite the fact that it has already been refuted many times, and has been shown inconsistent with all the available knowledge accumulated. This paper presents its failure, and its logical and factual inferiority to multilevel selection, offering new hypotheses explaining...
Based on a case study, this paper aims to examine the scientific, industrial and political interests that intertwine at the 1878 Paris World’s Fair. We will focus on a graphic composition that was elaborated from various copies of rock art presented in several pavilions of the Exhibition and published by a science magazine. This figure was composed to compare the artistic capacities of European prehistoric...
Scientific networks played an important role in the construction of Belgian prehistory. Among the emblematic figures of the European prehistoric scene was Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet. In the years that followed his return from exile, the relations which the French prehistorian wove with the Belgian intelligentsia developed continuously. It reached its climax during the organization of the Congrès...
Discovered in August 1922 by the Count of Saint–Périer and given to the laboratory of Pale- ontology in the National Museum of Natural History of Paris a few months later, the Venus of Lespugue can be seen as a major Palaeolithic work. A lot of theories have tried to explain its meaning and function in Palaeolithic society, but its biography within the museum still remained to be done. This biography...
The article presents a text by Arthur Pierre Stępiński (1829–1900) published on the occasion of the death of Władysław Taczanowski, an eminent zoologist and director of the Warsaw Zoological Cabinet. This text was published in Paris in Bulletin Polonais Littéraire, Scientifique et Artis- tique. It reveals a profound knowledge of the works of Władysław Taczanowski as well as a good under- standing...
The works of the Commission de Topographie des Gaules (CTG) try something new in the emerging fields of archaeology and epigraphy thanks, to the launching of the original projects of an extensive epigraphical survey and the creation of an national and archaeological museum. The important epigraphical project of the Commission, which remains not clearly defined, took place in the intellectual movement...
The first research on Prehistory in Alsace took place in 1865 in Haut–Rhin, in the foothold of a naturalistic society founded in 1859 in Colmar. Collections of stone tools and fossil bones attributed to prehistoric times, were built from this period, in a way inspired by the discoveries made in France and Belgium. After these early beginnings, the four changes of nationality that took place in Alsace...
It is frequently assumed that the nomination of the human sciences is a regulating element, a vector and marker of identity. The words chosen to designate them are part of a complex process of certification and agreement involving collective choices. They promote paradigm stability and, thus defining their research field, disciplines make themselves known and, above all, recognized. The history of...
The Société normande d’études préhisto- riques was born in 1893, ten years before the Société préhistorique française. It was the first society specialising in prehistory in France. This specialisa- tion was desired by the founders, especially Amand Montier and Léon Coutil, whose action took place in the context of the building of the discipline. Montier established immediately a relationship with...
Piotr Slonimski (1922–2009), the main founder of mitochondrial genetics, is one of the most original yeast geneticists of the second part of the last century. In his later years he was involved in genomics. Recipient of several international awards, he received the CNRS Gold medal (1985) and was elected member of the French Academy of Sciences. His general culture and scientific passion stimulated...
The Commission de Topographie des Gaules (CTG) is a group of scholars set up by Napoléon III in 1858. Originally, the CTG was created to help the emperor in the writing of his Histoire de Jules César. Quickly, the imperial commission oversteps this first objective and will constitute the core of archaeological research in France. Using the existing networks of scholars and creating its own, the CTG...
[The life and scientific work of W. Taczanowski is presented in an obituary published by Bulletin Polonais Littéraire, Scientifique et Artistique [Polish Literary, Scientific and Artistic Bulletin], a Polish journal in exile in Paris. His work is analysed in the context of the history of the natural sciences in Poland. The article also presents the merits of Taczanowski for enriching the collections...
[Stanisław Feliksiak, the then director of the National Zoological Museum of Warsaw presents the losses caused by the war, both through pillaging and theft of collections by the Germans in 1939–1945 as well as by the fire when Warsaw was destroyed following the surrender of the insurgents in 1944. He also mentions the efforts of the Polish authorities to claim and recover the collections stolen from...
The article presents a report written in 1952 by Stani- sław Feliksiak on the losses caused by the Second World War, both through pillaging and theft of collections of the National Zoological Museum by the Germans as well as by the fire fol- lowing the surrender of the insurgents in 1944. It gives reasons for publishing the typescript (see Organon 48, 2016, pp. 151–156).
In 1952 Kultura the magazine of emigrants in Paris, published a series of articles on the Sovietization of Polish culture. Władysław Rydzewski, before the war an eminent zoologist then resistant during the occupation, lived after war in exile in London. He published in Kultura a detailed analysis of the situation of Polish biology. The ideological offensive of the communists, the imposition of the...
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