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The geological study of China develops from the second half of the 19th century. It then suggests a Chinese paleontological potential for anchoring this territory in prehistoric studies at the time European researches begin to outline the contours of Paleolithic. This discovery will be made possible through the Father Emile Licent’s works and to his naturalistic and systematic exploration of so little...
The article sketches the history of naukoznawstwo (literally meaning the science connoisseurship or the science of science or science studies) in Poland from the 1910s to the end of the Cold War (1991), and the recovery of full political independence in 1993. It outlines the changing research perspectives of this interdisciplinary field of knowledge in Poland against a background of changing political...
The subject of the article is intuition and its role in philosophical cognition in Plato and Aristotle. The main problem concerns the rationality of intuitive knowledge. Plato is the heir of the Parmenidean doctrinal tradition of being and cognition. According to him, intuition is the immediate perceiving of ideas. This may be supernatural intuition or rational intuition. The first is perceiving ideas...
The article consists of two parts. The first part presents the most important stages of scientific discipline shaping defined nowadays as peace research. In the second part, the focus is on the specificity of pedagogic thinking about peace, in order to illustrate its consonance with the trends developing in peace research, for several decades, and to emphasize the sense of education as one of the...
The National Museum of Natural History played a crucial role in the formation of Polish scientific elites in the 19th century. Many Polish students were attending in Paris natural history, botany, zoology, chemistry and mineralogy courses. The Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning was the largest scientific society and one of the most important scientific institutions in Poland. It had also an impact...
This paper explores the audience’s response to the eschatological myths in the Gorgias, the Phaedo, and the Republic by reconstructing a concept of aesthetic experience in the light of Plato’s ideas on pleasure. I argue for a kind of pleasure that has emotional and intellectual components, which make it a combination of pure and mixed pleasures. This kind of pleasure, which these myths produce, is...
The Renaissance defined itself as a rebirth of Antiquity and has until today been frequently described by scholars in this way. Looking more closely at the actual transformation processes in the Renaissance, one can see that not Antiquity as such was discovered but a kind of Antiquity different to the one known to the Middle Ages. Many Humanists, among which Petrarch may be named as a prime example,...
After presenting Plato’s (mainly the Phaedrus) and Scheler’s (in his Formalism in Ethics ...) views on affectivity, differences and similarities between the two are listed. It turns out that Scheler’s model is closer to Plato’s than Scheler himself believed. Both of them were sympathetic to a hierarchical approach in regard to affectivity. Lastly, Scheler’s defective knowledge of Plato’s view on affectivity...
Present knowledge of the history of Ainu culture is owed in significant part to Polish Far–East researchers Bronisław Piłsudski (1866–1918) and Wacław Sieroszewski (1858–1945). They were both exiled to Siberia for their patriotic activity at the time where Poles struggled for independence. Bronisław Piłsudski is known for using glass photographic plates and wax recording cylinders for recording the...
[Stanisław Feliksiak, the then director of the National Zoological Museum of Warsaw presents the losses caused by the war, both through pillaging and theft of collections by the Germans in 1939–1945 as well as by the fire when Warsaw was destroyed following the surrender of the insurgents in 1944. He also mentions the efforts of the Polish authorities to claim and recover the collections stolen from...
The article presents a report written in 1952 by Stani- sław Feliksiak on the losses caused by the Second World War, both through pillaging and theft of collections of the National Zoological Museum by the Germans as well as by the fire fol- lowing the surrender of the insurgents in 1944. It gives reasons for publishing the typescript (see Organon 48, 2016, pp. 151–156).
This paper is the first of two discussing several problems in Plato’s allegory of the soul in the Phaedrus. I revisit the description of what goes on in the lover’s soul when he approaches and encounters the beloved (253e5–255a1), because I think that crucial issues arising from the description have been neglected or misinterpreted so far and that crucial passages have been mistranslated. After considering...
In this article I wish to emphasize the significance of το κατ’ ενδειαν αλγουν, an expression appearing in our sources on Epicurean ethics which seems to have been neglected in the scholarly literature. On the strength of my findings I shall suggest a new interpretation of one category in the Epicurean division of pleasures, namely καταστηματικη ηδονη. I shall argue that within the katastematic pleasures...
In 1952 Kultura the magazine of emigrants in Paris, published a series of articles on the Sovietization of Polish culture. Władysław Rydzewski, before the war an eminent zoologist then resistant during the occupation, lived after war in exile in London. He published in Kultura a detailed analysis of the situation of Polish biology. The ideological offensive of the communists, the imposition of the...
[The author observes that the biological sciences are at present the object of an intense action, the object of which is to mold them entirely in the Soviet fashion. He describes the ideological changes imposed on Polish biologists, including rejection of genetics, refusal of fundamental research, criticism of Polish biology of the period between wars, acceptance of Lysenkoism and Lepieszyńska’s conceptions...
The rejection of the publication of the letter No return for aurochs intended for the journal Science as a reaction to the article Bringing back the aurochs constitutes a revolting act. The story of the false aurochs has actually been well–known for many years: it is a relatively new cattle breed, bred by the Heck brothers in the thirties and claimed to be aurochs or revived aurochs by Nazi propaganda...
This paper aims at presenting the circumstances in which Polish Romantic messianism emerged as well as outlining major messianic doctrines created by Polish thinkers during the Romantic period. These will comprise: Andrzej Towiański’s mys- tical messianism, Adam Mickiewicz’s revolutionary and nationalist messianism, August Cieszkowski’s evolutionary messianism, and Józef Maria Hoene–Wroński’s rationalist...
Focusing on William Cooke Taylor’s Natural History of Society in the Barbarous and Civilized State (London 1840), this paper examines and contextualises Taylor’s critique of Lamarckian transformism. Viewing Lamarckism as an extension of Enlightenment progressivist conceptions of history, tracing back the origin of civilization to an original savage state, Taylor undertakes to demonstrate the degeneracy...
Contrary to a common assumption, (methodological) improvements in science are not necessarily the direct consequences of technical innovations. The introduction of radiocarbon dating (or 14C) in archaeology confirms this assessment. Heralded as a revolutionary method around the 1950s, its impact on the development of European archaeology remained however very limited before the 1980s. Considering...
There is a striking parallel between Epicurus’ distin- ction of two types of pleasures (fr. 2 Usener = DL 10, 136, 10–12) and Ribot’s distinction of two types of passions (Essai sur les passions, 1907). The paper focuses on possible similarities and dissimilarities of both approaches. Remarkably, Epicurus’ hedone is just one category among pleasant feelings and Ribot’s passions are but one family...
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