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This article reviews the physical, chemical and microstructural properties of palm oil clinker (POC) and oil palm shell (OPS) by-products of palm oil. They are considerably used as lightweight aggregate to produce lightweight concrete so as to conserve the virgin resources and to reduce environmental contamination, whereby sustainability will be achieved. This paper is devoted to explaining the compressive...
Surface Enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an enhanced technique of Raman spectroscopy. It produces Raman spectra with higher intensity peak than the conventional Raman spectroscopy. Using SERS, detection of low concentration of NS1 in saliva seems promising. NS1 protein is an early biomarker for viral diseases caused by flavivirus such as Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Japanese Encephalitis etc....
NS1 is said to be responsible for the reproduction of RNA virus of the flaviviridae family, which is the cause of variants of Encephalitis, Yellow Fever and Dengue Fever. As an antigen, it can be detected in the blood of an infected person, from or before the onset of the symptoms. This makes it a biomarker for early detection of these diseases recently. The K-NN is a non-parametric method that shows...
Use of SERS spectra to detect NS1 in saliva is a most current finding that could lead to early, non-invasive, non-blood infectious detection of diseases related to NS1. Since the volume of the SERS spectral data is humongous, hence an automated analysis technique to classify the NS1 adulterated samples is vital to the success of this method. K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) is a popular classifier that searches...
NS1 is an early biomarker for detection of flavivirus related diseases such as Japanese Encephalitis, Murray Valley Encephalitis, Tick-borne Encephalitis, West Nile Encephalitis, Dengue Fever and Yellow Fever. At present, it is detected in the infected blood serum through ELISA and immune-chromatographic lateral flow test. As a preliminary study, we are using PCA to extract NS1 feature from SERS spectra...
Melamine is added to diluted milk to increase the nitrogen content confounding the protein concentration in milk. Milk adulterated with melamine can cause acute renal failure, kidneys damage and death. The presence of melamine in milk can be detected using Raman spectroscopy from its unique feature at 676cm−1 Raman shift. In this study, several samples of melamine adulterated milk are prepared in...
The conversion of fly ash into zeolites has become an important waste management issue in recent years. Zeolites may be easily obtained from fly ash by the relatively cheap and fast hydrothermal conversion process. Raw fly ash is pretreated with hydrochloric acid at the determined optimum pre-treatment temperature, time and ratio of 80°C, 1 hour and 25∶5 (ml/g), respectively. Zeolite was then synthesized...
In Malaysia, the screening coverage for cervical cancer is poor, which was at 2% in 1992, 3.5% in 1995, and at 6.2% in 1996, due to the shortage in pathologist workforce being one of the major cause. Study has been done before to overcome this by developing a diagnosis system based on neural networks, so that diagnosis can be done by an automated system with pathologist-like knowledge. Cell's features...
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