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This paper presents the main types of ground heat exchangers using low-grade geothermal energy; the preference was given to the closed systems. Horizontal and vertical ground heat exchangers were compared; installation of these devices in some consumable pipelines is calculated; the area used by them is estimated; also, the cost of some construction works required for using such an energy source is...
Ground heat exchangers placed in specially drilled holes are used to remove a low-potential thermal energy of the ground. To ensure effective operation of these devices, a filler is used to fill the remaining empty space in the hole. At present, bentonite is recommended as the filler but this material is hard to access for many Russian regions and due to this fact, it costs a lot. In this paper, an...
Heating sources of Vladivostok with boilers reconstructed in 2011 to gas burning is presented. The historical reference of the experience of boiler conversion to cyclone-swirl technology of burning of fuel oil and gas is given. Stages of the primary furnace and boiler upgrading are shown. Taking BKZ 75-16 and BKZ-120-100 boilers as examples, the principal differences of the swirl type of fuel burning...
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