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Traditionally, utility crews have used faulted circuit indicators (FCIs) to locate faulted line sections. FCIs monitor current and provide a local visual indication of recent fault activity. When a fault occurs, the FCIs operate, triggering a visual indication that is either a mechanical target (flag) or LED. There are also enhanced FCIs with communications capability, providing fault status to the...
Modern power systems rely on precise and accurate time signals for efficient operation. Time-based measurement of power system signals is now possible with high-speed signal sampling combined with precise time sources. This paper describes advances in time sources, protocols, and distribution methods supported by modern substation clocks. It also describes how each of these time sources and protocols...
Our industry moves energy at the speed of light, at the flick of a switch. A transmission line transporting 1500 megawatts delivers the equivalent of 250 pounds of coal per second, already converted into a convenient form of energy. For decades, we considered time in seconds or cycles: such as fuse curves and breaker clearing times. About three decades ago, our thinking moved into milliseconds because...
Communications play a vital role in the fast and reliable operation of protection systems. Advances in communications technologies have enabled utilities to improve the speed, security, and dependability of these systems. Communications-based protection schemes have employed power line carrier (PLC), microwave, fiber-optic communications, time-division multiplexing, Ethernet, and spread-spectrum radio...
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