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Tactile graphics are widely used for blind people to access visual information such as maps, diagrams, and graphs and so on. Tactile graphics are usually produced by sighted people, but some of the blind people want to produce tactile graphics by themselves to express their ideas or opinions. A special writing utensil, called a raise-writer, is used when a blind person draw tactile graphics alone...
Blind people are able to access visual information if the information is expressed by tactile graphics; however, it is almost impossible that blind people express their ideas or opinions by visual information such as diagrams, if they do not have any help from sighted people. So, in this paper, we discuss the experiences of blind people using four user interfaces for independent editing of tactile...
Signs and notices are widely used for finding public places and other locations. However, information on signs or notices is inaccessible to many visually impaired people. Therefore, automatically reading text from natural scene images becomes an important application to assist the visually impaired. However, finding text in scene images is a great challenge because it cannot be assumed that the acquired...
This paper proposes a new clustering method based on connecting adjacent hyper-rectangles. Our method searches a set of hyper-rectangles that satisfies the properties that (1) each hyper-rectangle covers some of the samples, and (2) each sample is covered by at least one of the hyper-rectangles. Then, a correction of connected hyper-rectangles is assumed to be a cluster. We apply agglomerative hierarchical...
This chapter is a summary of knowledge discovery algorithms that take an input of training examples of target knowledge, and output a fuzzy logic formula that best fits the training examples. The execution is done in three steps; first, the given mapping is divided into some Q-equivalent classes; second, the distances between the mapping and each local fuzzy logic function are calculated by a simplified...
When sighted people, for example, study mathematics and physics, they need not only verbal information, but also non-verbal information such as graphs, pictures and so on. Blind people are able to receive non-verbal information if the information is expressed by tactile graphics, however, it is quite difficult for the blind to draw figures by themselves. Using refreshable braille displays is one of...
Signs are ubiquitous indoors and outdoors, which are used for way finding, finding shops and businesses, accessing variety of services. But the information of signs is inaccessible to many visually impaired people unless they are represented in a non-visual form such as Braille, tactile graphic, and speech. Automatic reading text from signs in natural images becomes a vital application in visually...
This paper discusses a method to extract character strings from scene images. In this method, the Canny edge detector is first applied to a scene image, and the binary edge image is then obtained. Next, small edge elements are separated from large edge elements because edge elements from characters are much smaller than edge elements from non-character objects such as signboards etc. However, many...
Tactile graphics are images that use raised surfaces so that a visually impaired person can feel them. Tactile maps are used by blind and partially sighted people when navigating around an environment, and they are also used prior to a visit for orientation purposes. Since the ability for reading tactile graphics deeply depends on individuals, providing tactile graphics individually is needed. This...
This paper discusses a method to extract character strings from scene images. In this method, the Canny edge detector is first applied to a scene image, and the binary edge image is then obtained. Next, small edge elements are separated from large edge elements because edge elements from characters are much smaller than edge elements from non-character objects such as signboards etc. However, many...
Tactile graphics are images that use raised surfaces so that a visually impaired person can feel them. Tactile maps are used by blind and partially sighted people when navigating around an environment, they are useful for explaining the layout of a building or outdoor environment. Tactile Map Automated Creation System (TMACS) is developed for producing tactile maps. Tactile maps, produced by TMACS,...
Tactile graphics are useful for visually impaired students when they study mathematics and science. However, producing tactile graphics is not simple task. An intelligent computer-aided system for assisting the production of tactile graphics is needed. To develop such a system, research on mathematical graph recognition techniques is needed. This paper focuses on a method of mathematical graph recognition...
Tactile graphics are images that use raised surface so that a visually impaired person can feel them. Tactile graphics are necessary to visually impaired students when they study mathematics and science. Since producing tactile graphics are not simple task, an intelligent computer-aided system for assisting the production of tactile graphics is needed. Mathematical graph recognition from printed materials...
Tactile graphics are useful for visually impaired students when they study mathematics and science. However, producing tactile graphics are not simple task. An intelligent computer-aided system for assisting the production of tactile graphics is needed. To develop such a system, research on mathematical graph recognition techniques is needed. This paper focuses on a method of mathematical graph recognition...
Tactile graphics are images that use raised surface so that a visually impaired person can feel them. Tactile graphics are necessary to visually impaired students when they study mathematics and science. Since producing tactile graphics are not simple task, an intelligent computer-aided system for assisting the production of tactile graphics is needed. Mathematical graph recognition from printed materials...
A computer-aided system for transformation of mathematical figures into tactile graphics is useful for visually impaired students when they learn mathematics and science. To develop such a system, mathematical figure recognition techniques are needed. In many mathematical figures, graphs are drawn using broken lines. Under this situation, this paper discusses a method of extracting and classifying...
A computer-aided system for transformation of mathematical figures into tactile graphics is useful for visually impaired students when they learn mathematics and science. To develop such a system, research on mathematical figure recognition techniques is needed. It is natural to assume that (1) mathematical figures included characters and formulas to explain lines or curves that are graphical expressions...
Decision table, consists of conditional attributes and decision attribute may be considered as a knowledge representation. Reduction of decision table plays important roles in the process of rule reduction. This paper discusses a process of rule reduction using an extended concept of logic minimization. First, this paper introduces a concept of weighted decision table which is generated from a relational...
A computer-aided system for transformation of mathematical figures into tactile graphics is useful for visually impaired students when they learn mathematics and science. To develop such a system, research on mathematical figure recognition techniques is needed. It is natural to assume that (1) a mathematical figure includes characters and formulas to explain lines or curves that are graphical expressions...
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