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An oblique waveguide in a stripe-stacked three-dimensional photonic crystal is a useful structure for interlayer coupling, but has a problem that the out-coupling to free-space is inclined and spatially asymmetric. We propose a new end structure that provides vertical and less-frequency-dependent out-coupling characteristics.
The radiation pattern and out-coupling efficiency of light from the end surface of interlayer (oblique) waveguides in stacked-stripe 3-D photonic crystals are numerically investigated. It is shown that the coupling to the surface mode of the 3-D photonic crystal decreases the out-coupling efficiency to free-space modes down to 60%, whereas the reflection at the surface is negligibly small. The efficiency...
We design and demonstrate nanocavities with TE-like and TM-like polarizations at the surface of 3D photonic crystals using 3D design freedom in a 3D structure and the polarization-independent surface-mode gap.
A new design of vertical waveguide is investigated for on-demand three-dimensional light guiding in three-dimensional photonic crystals. Optical characterization successfully demonstrates that the wide-band vertical guiding is realized in a fabricated photonic crystal.
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