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A real-time demand response system can be viewed as a cyber-physical system, with physical systems dependent on cyber infrastructure for coordination and control, which may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks. The time domain dynamic behaviour of individual residential demand responses is governed by a mix of physical system parameters, exogenous influences, user behaviour and preferences, which can be...
The shift from centralised large production to distributed energy production has several consequences for current power system operation. The replacement of large power plants by growing numbers of distributed energy resources (DERs) increases the dependency of the power system on small scale, distributed production. Many of these DERs can be accessed and controlled remotely, posing a cybersecurity...
Previous and existing evaluations of available flexibility using small device demand response have typically been done with detailed information of end-user systems. With these large numbers, having lower level information has both privacy and computational limitations. We propose a black box approach to investigating the longevity of aggregated response of a virtual power plant using historic bidding...
One of the challenging problems when it comes to electric energy distribution is electricity theft. Regardless of whether the deed is done on a large scale or only by a single consumer, it is a problem that generates losses and its detection is not always easy. One of the crucial factors making the issue of electricity theft still relevant is the common physical access of the end users to the installations...
This paper presents a contextual anomaly detection method and its use in the discovery of malicious voltage control actions in the low voltage distribution grid. The model-based anomaly detection uses an artificial neural network model to identify a distributed energy resource's behaviour under control. An intrusion detection system observes distributed energy resource's behaviour, control actions...
Islands and rural areas can decrease their cost of energy by exploiting renewable energy as compared to diesel-only generation. Operation of such isolated micro-grids requires allocation of units for grid stability. Depending on the control strategy employed, the fluctuating renewable production leads to more stressed loading conditions of diesel generators. We propose a control strategy employing...
Increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DER) and available monitoring devices in the power distribution grid make system services provided by DERs possible and an integral part of distribution grid operation. Numerous publications have proposed various control solutions by utilizing different capabilities of DERs and regulating devices to assist grid operation. However, very few of...
This paper presents a model-driven software development process which can be applied to the design of smart grid services. The Service Oriented Architecture Modelling Language (SoaML) is used to describe the architecture as well as the roles and interactions between service participants. The individual modelling steps and an example design of a SoaML model for a voltage control service are presented...
This paper presents a method to estimate the amount of energy that can be shifted during demand response (DR) activation on domestic refrigerator. Though there are many methods for DR activation like load reduction, load shifting and onsite generation, the method under study is load shifting. Electric heating and cooling equipment like refrigerators, water heaters and space heaters and coolers are...
This paper presents two different aspects considering a co-simulation of smart grid scenarios. First considers representing the control strategy in a separate discrete event simulation developed in a multi-agent platform. This study investigates the design and implementation of such a simulator. Special attention is given to timing issues presenting time variant and time invariant models. The second...
Exploiting the flexibility in distributed energy resources (DER) is seen as an important contribution to allow high penetrations of renewable generation in electrical power systems. However, the present control infrastructure in power systems is not well suited for the integration of a very large number of small units. A common approach is to aggregate a portfolio of such units together and expose...
This paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) strategy for maximizing photo-voltaic (PV) self-consumption in a household context exploiting the flexible demand of an electric water heater. The predictive controller uses a water heater model and forecast of the hot water consumption in order to predict the future temperature of the water and it manages its state (on and off) according to the...
This paper discusses and presents a simple temperature prediction strategy for the domestic refrigerator. The main idea is to predict the duration it takes to the cold chamber temperature to reach the thresholds according to the state of the compressor and to the last temperature measurements. The experiments are conducted at SYSLAB facility at DTU Risø Campus having a set of refrigerators working...
The increasing share of distributed energy resources and renewable energy in power systems results in a highly variable and less controllable energy production. Therefore, in order to ensure stability and to reduce the infrastructure and operation cost of the power grid, flexible and controllable demand is needed. The research area of demand side management is still very much in flux and several options...
This paper presents the design, implementation, and experimental results of an architecture for autonomous demand-side load management (ADSM) system for Smart Buildings in view of influencing the energy demand in the Smart Grid. In such an architecture, the management system has a layered structure and appliances' operation is modeled as a finite state machine, which enables an efficient load control...
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