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AC voltage regulators, an important family of power conditioners, are intended to reduce line-voltage fluctuations of AC mains at customer premises. Typical designs are based on automatic tap changers, motor-driven variacs, thyristor-based systems, ferro-resonant systems and solid-state versions. Solid-state regulators typically rely on high frequency switching, so have significant RFI/EMI problems,...
A series transistor array-based linear AC regulator was developed in the past and this technique is very fast-responding compared to the popular servo-transformer based AC voltage regulator. It has similar efficiency levels to the ferro-resonant types, but does not have waveform defects or power factor dependency. This patented technique is efficient when the input line voltage is at its lowest possible...
A hybrid energy source allows a designer to meet extraordinary application requirements without having to make any performance sacrifices [1]. Most available hybridisation techniques in the literature are applied to automobile applications, describing solutions to pulsed load profile characteristics [2]. This study involves an instant water heater having a load profile of 18kW to 25 kW for 30s to...
Internal DC buses are used within many common electrical appliances. 12 V LED lamps are a group of common example where a DC bus is used to power the LED array and its driver. Inverter driven white-goods and air conditioners are other examples which encourages us to use a DC microgrid at home. In the case of a home DC bus, one can use localized SC based energy storage for individual appliances, in...
Delayed hot water in domestic water heating systems is a worldwide problem with an estimated loss of 15,000 litres of treated water annually per average household. Commercially available systems to overcome this issue cost several thousand dollars and they occupy space and modifications to plumbing. Supercapacitor (SC) assisted temperature modification apparatus (SCATMA), a patent-pending technique...
Their combination of large continuous energy ratings and very large time constants allows supercapacitors to be used in surge protection circuits. This fact, supported by recent research publications and laboratory tests, has assisted the authors to propose a new surge protection circuit topology known as the supercapacitor-assisted surge absorber (SCASA). This technique utilizes a multi-winding transformer,...
Compared to typical non-linear devices (NLD) used in surge protection circuits, which have energy absorption ratings applicable to milliseconds order durations, current supercapacitor families have large continuous energy storage capabilities. Based on the transient absorption properties of supercapacitors, confirmed in recent investigations, a supercapacitor based surge energy absorption technique...
Supercapacitors are normally used as stand-alone energy storage devices or in combination with other energy storage devices such as batteries. In these common applications, DC terminal voltage, energy storage capability and the usable temperature range and maximum charge/discharge currents are considered as important parameters. However, from 2009, a research team in New Zealand has started investigating...
With the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors predicting below-25nm feature-size VLSIs, powered by DC power supplies of less than 1V, protection against transients has become mandatory for modern electronic systems. Surge protection circuits are usually designed using non-linear devices such as metal oxide varistors and semiconductor devices and these devices are rated for short-term...
Supercapacitors (SCs) are capable of storing energy in the range of fractional joules to several thousands of joules despite their lower dc voltage ratings. Farad-order capacitances combined with milliohm-order equivalent series resistances provide time constants ranging from fractional seconds to seconds. Given these time constants, compared to the time durations of power line transients in the range...
Given the advantages of linear regulator techniques, low dropout regulator ICs are frequently used in portable consumer electronics. Only disadvantage in linear regulators, low efficiency, can be overcome by a very low frequency supercapacitor energy recovery technique to achieve efficiencies similar to common switching regulator techniques. This technique was successfully applied in a 12 V to 5 V...
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