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A facile, one‐pot synthesis of 1H‐indazoles featuring a Cu‐catalyzed C–H ortho‐hydroxylation and N–N bond‐formation sequence with the use of pure oxygen as the terminal oxidant was developed. The reaction of readily available 2‐arylaminobenzonitriles with various organometallic reagents led to ortho‐arylamino N–H ketimine species. Subsequent Cu‐catalyzed hydroxylation at the ortho position of the...
A H infinity observer based method is proposed to estimate the state of charge (SOC) for a series-connected battery pack for electric vehicles. In this method, an average virtual cell (AVC) model is defined and the SOC of the AVC model is estimated to represent the pack SOC when all terminal voltage differences (TVD) between each individual cell in the pack and the AVC are within a voltage value set...
This study compares two battery equivalent circuits for state of charge (SOC) estimation in electric vehicles (EVs), namely the RC circuit and Thevenin circuit. The state space representations of each circuit are used to develop the adaptive gain sliding mode observers (AGSMO) for the SOC estimations, which are compared with the true SOC. The results show that the Thevenin circuit provides more accurate...
Power sources of electric vehicles (EVs) are integrated by hundreds of cells connected in series and parallel. Due to slight differences in the manufacturing process and various operating conditions of the individual cell in a battery pack in EVs, the characteristics of the individual cell to cell can be non-uniform in the battery pack, which affects the available capacity and the life of the battery...
Personnel transport vehicles in underground mines are used to transport miners and light equipment within the mine, and are generally driven by diesel engines. To reduce the emission, the eco-friendly electric vehicles (EVs) have been introduced in underground mining. This EV consists of a wheel/axle, final drive, traction motor and energy storage. The model of this vehicle is developed based on the...
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