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This is a review paper written with the intention to shed light on continued reliance on high polluting energy sources in the Southern Africa. In developing countries the use of low cost fuels including coal, wood, pellets, charcoal and cow dung remains an obstacle in ensuring the right to clean air. In this study, several stove to fuel combustion technologies researches, were reviewed for similarities/...
Globally, introduction of alternative basic energy has proven to reduce the burden of household air pollution. In South Africa, charcoal present a viable energy resource in the peri urban areas. However, burning of charcoal in inefficient stoves leads to excessive release of harmful pollutants. Few studies have been conducted to investigate the burning of charcoal more cleanly and efficiently, hence...
Research has shown that there is a clear link between emissions from inefficient domestic cooking appliances and the prevalence of respiratory infections and cardiovascular diseases. This has prompted the need for the development and dissemination of efficient clean cookstoves for cooking and heating purposes. Although liquid fuels are rated cleaner than traditional solid fuels, their combustion in...
Paraffin lamps are commonly used as light sources in low-income, off-grid households. Pollutant emissions from these appliances are a potential health hazard and a cause of material soiling by soot deposits. This paper reports on evaluation of emissions of two off-the-shelf paraffin lamps (a standard lantern and a glass lamp) - considered as baseline reference devices - and a prototype paraffin-fuelled...
Despite more than 87% households in South Africa being electrified, domestic coal combustion still remain a major source of cooking and heating in low-income households on the Highveld. A majority of low-income households burn coal in informal braziers-imbaulas-constructed from 25 L metal drums with holes punched around the sides. These imbaula stoves are hand manufactured without any standard reference...
Residential coal combustion for cooking and heating purposes has been identified as a major source of fine particle mass emissions, and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs have potential human health implications and this has motivated studies and analyses of these compounds. This paper investigates PAH emissions from household coal fires prepared using the Basa njengo Magogo...
In 2000 the Zimbabwe government embarked on a massive land redistribution programme to redress historical imbalances that had favoured minority white farmers. The acquired farms were subdivided into A2 and smaller A1 model units. The newly resettled A1 farmers are battling to sustain or increase production amid lack of funding, agricultural inputs, commercial farming skills, and access to modern energy...
The combustion of kerosene fuel in poorly designed cookstoves is a major domestic source of poor indoor air quality and burn injuries in the developing world. It is argued that these challenges are best addressed by the development and dissemination of clean, safe and efficient cookstoves. In this study, three kerosene stoves including two wick stoves and one pressurised stove were tested for thermal...
This paper aims to highlight the potential and prospects of bio-fuel geysers in South Africa, notably the Shiza Manzi geyser. The geyser is compared to the imbaula and an improved StoveTec bio-fuel stove using the SeTAR Centre heterogeneous stove testing protocol. The geyser gave a high power of 23 kW and an adequate thermal efficiency of 36%, boiling 20 litres of water in an average of 12-minutes...
In 2000, the African National Congress (ANC) through its election manifesto, made promises to provide free basic services to all poor South Africans. This was later quantified as 6 000 litres of water and 50 kWh of free basic electricity (FBE) monthly per household. Regarding the issuance of FBE, qualifying residents were registered and had to agree to a pre-paid meter being installed. It is argued...
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