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We have investigated the surface and near-surface bulk chemical properties of differently stressed (Au/Cu/)CdTe/CdS thin-film solar cells. The employed Au/Cu contact design created unique samples in which both the back contact surface/interface and the (back) surface of the CdTe absorber were exposed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and soft x-ray emission spectroscopy were employed to determine...
We present a study of low-energy ion surface cleaning treatments and their impact on the surface electronic structure of an air-exposed CdTe thin film treated with CdCl2. In order to determine the electronic structure using surface-sensitive photoemission, surfaces need to be free of contaminants. This is achieved by subsequent low-energy ion treatment steps, carefully monitoring the chemical and...
We have investigated the electronic and chemical surface properties of a Cu(In1−xGax)Se2 (CIGSe) thin-film solar cell absorber and a CdS/CIGSe interface sample taken from Nanosolar's manufacturing line. Using soft x-ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopy, inverse photoemission, and soft x-ray emission spectroscopy employing high-brilliance synchrotron radiation, we have determined the chemical composition...
Previous studies investigating the impact of alcohol ingestion on the emergence of posttraumatic psychological symptoms have generated contradictory findings.One thousand forty-five patients, admitted to hospital following traumatic injury were assessed during hospitalisation for patterns of alcohol consumption prior to the injury and also during the month prior to reassessment at 3 months. Anxiety,...
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