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In this paper, an efficient frond-end circuit for Magneto-resistance (MR) based angle sensor is proposed. The front-end uses a simple technique to process the inherent non-linear outputs from MR angle sensor. The final output of front-end varies linearly with-respect-to input angle over full-circle range. The Logic Unit employed in the circuit gives digital output without using an analog-to-digital...
This paper proposes a simple and efficient electronic interface circuit for Tunneling Magneto-Resistance (TMR) based angular position sensor. The proposed circuit takes-in and processes the sine and cosine natured outputs of a TMR angle sensor using a novel methodology, and provides a linear output with angle for a full-circle range. The new methodology ensures that output has minimal dependence on...
This paper presents the study and detailed analysis of two different eddy-current probe configurations based on giant-magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors for characterization of defects in metallic plates. The probes have an excitation coil that induces eddy-currents in metallic test-plate and a suitably-aligned GMR sensor as main components. When the probe is near a defect, the eddy-current loops get...
This paper presents a novel and simple signal conditioning scheme for Tunneling Magneto-resistance (TMR) based angle sensors. The output of TMR angle sensors vary as a sine/cosine function of the sensing angle. The developed signal conditioner accepts and processes the sine/cosine natured outputs of the angle sensor with the help of a simple phase demodulator and renders a linear direct-digital angle...
A simple heart rate (HR) monitoring system designed and developed using the Giant Magneto-Resistance (GMR) sensor is presented in this paper. The GMR sensor is placed on the wrist of the human and it provides the magneto-plethysmographic signal. This signal is processed by the simple analog and digital instrumentation stages to render the heart rate indication. A prototype of the system has been built...
This paper reports a simple and reliable electronic technique for the estimation of respiration rate (RR). Giant Magneto-Resistance (GMR) based sensors are employed to extract a plethysmograph signal from the subject. This signal is filtered and processed further through simple signal processing stages to obtain RR indication. The feasibility of the system has been studied on a prototype built and...
A Direct Digitizer suitable for Giant magneto-resistive (GMR) sensors is proposed in this paper. The proffered digitizer integrates a GMR sensor, in the form of a full-bridge, with a novel circuit based on enhanced dual-slope technique and obtains a linear digital indication of the magnetic field being measured. The scheme does not use a separate ADC for digitization. A detailed mathematical methodology...
Health and alert-level monitoring of automotive driver is very important to reduce the number of vehicle accidents and associated fatalities. The proposed work focuses on the development of a reliable and low-cost health monitoring system for automotive drivers. It is based on non-contact electrocardiogram (ECG) principle. Multiple signal acquisition ECG electrodes are placed on the seat and seat-belt...
A large number of vehicle accidents and its associated human fatalities occur throughout the world due to drowsiness or health-related issues of the driver. Such mis-happenings can be reduced by integrating a driver-health monitor into the automotive. Different techniques such as camera-based image processing, photoplethysmograph, electroencephalograph, etc. have been employed to develop driver-state...
A new angle sensor based on a combination of a reluctance technique and Hall-Effect principle is presented in this paper. The proposed sensor provides a linear, digital output proportional to the angle being sensed. The sensor consists of two identical ring shaped sheets, in parallel, and a permanent magnet, placed between the rings. This unit rotates in unison with the target. Two fixed Hall-Effect...
This paper presents a new combined electrostatic-triboelectric energy harvester. One of the practical limitations of Electrostatic Vibration Energy (EVE) harvesting technologies is the need for an initial priming voltage source. In the proposed scheme, the triboelectric effect is used to provide initial charges necessary for EVE harvester. This harvester converts vibration to electrical energy and...
A simple but efficient angle sensor designed and developed by combining variable reluctance technique and Hall-Effect sensing principle is presented in this paper. This new sensor possesses the best features of both the schemes and overcomes the demerits of reluctance type sensors. It proposes the use of a spiral shaped element which rotates in unison with the target whose angular position is to be...
A new Tunneling Magneto-Resistance (TMR) based angle transducer realized with a novel Signal Conditioning (SC) scheme that accepts TMR angle sensing elements possessing sine/cosine output characteristics and provides a final output that changes linearly with the angle being sensed over a full-circle range (0–360°) is presented in this paper. The proposed scheme converts the angle being sensed by the...
A new, simple and efficient electronic scheme suitable for magneto-resistive angle sensors with 0–360° range is presented in this paper. Most of the existing magneto-resistive angle sensors have a sine/cosine relationship between the output and sensing angle but a linear characteristic is highly useful. The proposed Signal Conditioning (SC) method accepts and processes output signal from the sensor...
This paper presents a new, simple but effective, electronic method to obtain inverse-cosine of an electrical variable. The proposed method is very useful for linearization of sensors whose output is a cosine or sine function of the physical quantity being sensed. The inverse-cosine of the variable is obtained by comparing it with a reference sinusoidal wave. The proposed method is easy to implement...
An angle transducer that provides a linear output for full-circle range (0–360°) of operation is presented in this paper. The sensor part of the transducer is made of two pairs of Tunneling Magneto-Resistors (TMR) and the signal conditioning part consists of a couple of sinusoids having same frequency but differing in phase by 90° and a phase detector. The novel signal conditioning circuit proposed...
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