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This study investigated the removal of bacterial surface structures, particularly flagella, using sonication, and examined its effect on the attachment of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 cells to plant cell walls. S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 cells were subjected to sonication at 20 kHz to remove surface structures without affecting cell viability. Effective removal of flagella was determined by staining...
This paper presents the development of an adaptive rule based fault identification and phase selection technique to be used in the implementation of single phase auto-reclosing (SPAR) in power distribution network with distributed generators (DGs). The proposed method uses only the three line currents measured at the relay point. The waveform pattern of phase angle and symmetrical components of the...
Due to continued penetration of DG into existing distribution network, the tripping of DG during network fault condition may affect the network stability and reliability. Operation of DG should be remain during network temporary fault as far as possible in order to maximise the benefits of interconnection of DG and increase reliability of power supply service to consumers. Conventional three pole...
Renewable energy driven distributed generators (DGs) are mostly connected to radial distribution network with overhead feeders. It is estimated that 80% of network faults are temporary single phase to ground faults and therefore automatic restoration is required. A combination of automatic re-closer devices, circuit breaker, sectionalizer and fuse is applied to clear the temporary fault and isolate...
Configuration, operation and management of existing distribution networks are based on passive networks, whereby the role of such networks is confined to transferring electricity from generation and transmission system to load centres. Under this situation, the main function of distribution network is delivering good quality electricity with minimum amount of network control to the load centres at...
Existing distribution networks are mostly designed to operate in radial mode without having generation units accommodated on them. The increase in penetration of embedded generations (EGs) into existing distribution network in recent years has resulted in bi-directional power flow and changes in network voltage profile. These in turn caused important impact on system protection of existing distribution...
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