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Public transportation is one of the most important systems in transportation, especially in big and crowded cities. As a result, evaluation of public transportation systems is a strategic decision-making problem for both private and public sections. In this paper, the problem of public transportation passengers in Tehran is addressed and their satisfaction levels are assessed by using passenger satisfaction...
Climate change and electricity cost increased the investments into renewable energy technologies. Worldwide policies are recognized to help with the wide spread of renewable energy technologies. The most commonly installed renewable energy system for residential properties is the PV solar system. Investors and governments are also investing into large scale renewable energy power stations. The PV...
Electrical power energy forms an indispensable part of human comfort. Numerous activities would have been impossible without the aid of electricity. The introduction of the PV solar system introduces additional challenges to engineers on how to increase the efficiency of the system. Micro grid PV generations spread world-wide by installing small size PV system on the roof top of residential properties...
The increase in population forces High Voltage (HV) substation to be constructed within proximity of residential properties. These substations are fed by transmission mains. Based on existing standards, transmission mains structures have an earth grid that solidly bonded to the substation earth grid using the OHEW system. This bond transfers the substation earth potential rise under a fault condition...
Population growth increases the neighboring between high voltage infrastructure and residential properties. Also, it increases the joint use easements between high voltage transmission lines and other infrastructure, such as pipelines. Overhead earth wire forms essential elements when it comes to safety compliance to allowable voltage limits. The impacts of the overhead earth wire on the system safety...
To meet the high demands on the electrical power due to the growth in populations more high voltage projects are captured by the development scopes. To save on easement cost and to reduce the environmental impact of these projects, HV transmission lines occupy the same easement as pipelines in many cases. This joint easement introduces the AC interference between transmission lines and pipelines....
Electrical infrastructure projects are developed worldwide. Electrical power is one of the primary comfort sources for human. Earthing system design is required to ensure safety compliance of the electrical power system. The earthing system design involves a large number of inputs. Any changes in one input will impact on the developed system. The works in this paper show the different areas that affect...
Induced voltage due to AC interference is gaining more attention in the area of HV utilities. The uprate in the transmission line power requires an upgrade in the protections. The overhead earth wire is being replaced with the optical fiber ground wire to enhance safety and protection of individuals in close proximity of the system. In many cases, transmission lines are running parallel with various...
Optical ground wire combines the functions of grounding and communications for power transmission line. The grounding parts expose it to earth potential rise. The communications part requires the joining of the optical fiber to ensure signal continuation between ends. This paper discusses the use of the optical ground wire on transmission line. The safety risk associated with joining the optical fiber...
The neighboring rates between high voltage substation and residential buildings are amplified due to populations increase. To guarantee safety acquiescence of the new system, earthing system design is required. Earthing system offers a safe working atmosphere for employees and people transitory by during a fault or malfunction of a power system. The design process is based on few assumptions therefore...
Renewable energy projects are developed worldwide. Wind energy form one of the main part of the renewable energy project. Wind farm consists of numerous number of wind turbines. Each turbine has its own standalone earth grid. The earth grids of these turbines are bonded together to the supply substation earth grid. Under fault condition at locations, substation or turbine, the earth potential rise...
Electrical power is an essential source of comfort, numerous tasks are almost impossible to be performed without the aid of the electrical power. To keep up with the population growth worldwide, electrical infrastructure are being upgraded and up-rated. To maximize the use to the land and reduce construction cost, joint-use structures between distribution and transmission line are broadly deployed...
High Voltage (HV) transmission lines are widely spread around residential places. They take all forms of shapes: concrete, steel, and timber poles. Earth grid always form part of the HV transmission structure, whereas soil resistivity value is one of the main inputs when it comes to determining the earth grid requirements. In this paper, the soil structure and its implication on the electrode resistance...
High Voltage (HV) transmission mains form important assets in electrical networks. The existence of these infrastructures within the community necessitates earthing design to ensure safety compliance of the system. OHEW (overhead earth wire) forms parts of the HV transmission mains, whereas the OHEW plays an important role when it comes to fault current distributions and to lightning protections for...
The existing of the High Voltage (HV) infrastructure creates a special set of safety circumstances. Earthing system is one of the main elements to mitigate any unsafe conditions. Commissioning the earth grid certifies that the implemented system fulfills to the pertinent necessities. This paper endeavors to present vital information on how to perform the earth grid commissioning of an HV infrastructure...
High voltage infrastructure upgrade is expending due to the growth in populations. To save on easement cost and to reduce the environmental impact of these projects, HV transmission lines occupy the same easement as pipelines in many cases. This joint easement introduces the AC interference between transmission lines and pipelines. The induced voltage can reach a limit which will jeopardize the human...
Electrical Safety as a result of induced voltage is gaining more attention in the area of HV utilities. This paper discusses the Electrical safety in a pipeline running parallel to a HV transmission line, and the methods of calculating the mutual impedance between the HV and pipeline. In addition, it also introduces a method of calculating the induced voltage in the pipeline and its mitigation process.
Lightning is a natural occurring phenomenon that can cause damage harm and fatality. This paper discusses the lightning protection of a property using the rolling sphere method. In addition, it introduces an easy approach on how to design an effective lightning protection and finally it provides a case study.
Switched reluctance generator is a new technology to convert the wind energy into electrical power, The concept behind the excitations for the switched reluctance generator will be discussed in this paper with simulation assistance using Ansoft and Multisim software, tested results for the proposed method will be discussed in this paper.
Performing High Voltage (HV) maintenance with a multicraft work force creates a special set of safety circumstances. The safety of people including workers will be discussed in this paper. In addition, this paper will present an effective approach to design an earthing system. This approach explains the theoretical background necessary to perform the calculation of the required safety voltages. Finally,...
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