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Distance protection is not utilized in distribution networks, unlike the transmission systems, due to the inherent characteristic of the distribution networks and the additional required facilities of the distance protection, compared with over-current protection, which is in use in the distribution systems. This paper studies the measured impedance at the source node of a distribution feeder with...
This paper discusses the maximum ground fault resistance, which can be tolerated by a distance relay with Quadrilateral characteristic applied at the source node of a distribution feeder. This resistance is defined as the boundary fault resistance which is the boundary of the distance relay correct discrimination between in-zone and out-of-zone faults. The robustness criterion is defined based on...
This paper presents the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of unified power flow controller (UPFC), one of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices, which is equipped with a superconductor magnetic energy storage (SMES) system. The presence of SMES equipped UPFC on a transmission line greatly influences the measured impedance at the relaying point. The...
This paper presents the measured impedance by a distance relay in the presence of thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), one of the series connected FACTS devices, on a transmission line, considering its metal oxide varistor (MOV) operation, in the case of inter, phase to phase and three phase, faults. The measured impedance at the relaying point is affected by the power system structural...
The conventional load flow methods for transmission systems could not be utilized for distribution systems, due to their especial characteristics. If methods like Newton-Raphson and Fast-Decoupled are used for distribution systems, the probability of their convergence would be low. Therefore, due to inherent characteristics of distribution systems, it is essential to develop the distribution version...
This paper presents the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), one of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices, which is equipped with a Superconductor Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) system, in the case of inter, phase to phase and three phase, faults. The presence of SMES equipped UPFC on a transmission line greatly...
Distance protection is not utilized in distribution networks, unlike the transmission systems, due to the inherent characteristic of the distribution networks and the additional required facilities of the distance protection, compared with over-current protection, which is in use in the distribution systems. This paper studies the measured impedance at the source node of a distribution feeder with...
Distance relays are widely in use as main and back-up protective devices for transmission lines. Their operation is based on impedance measurement at the relaying point, which can be affected by several factors. Continued demand for electricity energy leads to increase in the short circuit levels along the network, which itself causes new problems. One of the proposed solutions for this problem is...
The conventional load flow methods for transmission systems could not be utilized for distribution systems, due to their especial characteristics. If methods like Newton-Raphson and fast-decoupled are used for distribution systems, the probability of their convergence would be low. Therefore, due to inherent characteristics of distribution systems, it is essential to develop the distribution version...
This paper investigates the measured impedance by a distance relay considering the transmission line capacitance by utilizing a pi model for the line. The distance relay ideal tripping characteristic is presented. The measured impedance and the tripping characteristic are compared with those of in the case of neglecting the line capacitance. In the case of zero fault resistance, especial attention...
This paper discusses the distance relay mal-operation in the presence of thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), one of the series connected flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) device, in the case of inter phase, phase to phase and three phase, faults. This is done by presenting the measured impedance at the relaying point in the TCSC presence at the near end of the line...
Distance relays are one of the mostly used protective devices in the transmission systems. These relays are used as the main, First zone and a part of second zone, and the backup, the rest of second zone and third zone, protective devices. Fault resistance is a source of error for distance relays in the form of the measured impedance deviation from its actual value. This paper investigates the measured...
This paper presents the effects of unified power flow controller (UPFC), one of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices, on the measured impedance at the relaying point in the case of inter phase, phase to phase and three phase, faults. The measured impedance at the relaying point is affected by several factors, including the line pre-fault loading, the line structural conditions,...
This paper presents the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM), one of the shunt connected Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices, which is equipped with a Superconductor Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES). The presence of SMES equipped STATCOM on a transmission line has a great influence on the measured impedance...
Distance protection is not utilized in distribution networks, unlike the transmission systems, due to the inherent characteristic of the distribution networks and the additional required facilities of the distance protection, compared with overcurrent protection, which is in use in the distribution systems. This paper studies the measured impedance at the source node of a distribution feeder with...
This paper presents the effects of STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM), one of the shunt connected Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices, on the measured impedance at the relaying point in the case of the inter phase, phase to phase and three phase, faults. The measured impedance at the relaying point is affected by several factors, including the line pre-fault loading,...
This paper presents the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), one of the series connected Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The presence of SSSC on a transmission line has a great influence on the measured impedance by distance relays. The measured impedance by distance relay itself depends on the power...
Distance protection is not utilized in distribution networks, unlike the transmission systems, due to the inherent characteristic of the distribution networks and the additional required facilities of the distance protection, compared with overcurrent protection, which is in use in the distribution systems. This paper studies the measured impedance at the source node of a distribution feeder with...
This paper presents and compares the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of shunt connected flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices, i.e. static VAr compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The presence of the shunt connected FACTS devices on a transmission line greatly affects the measured impedance at the relaying point. The measured...
This paper discusses distance relay maloperation in the presence of unified power flow controller (UPFC) on the second circuit of a double circuit transmission line. This is done by presenting the measured impedance at the relaying point in the case of UPFC presence at the near end of the second circuit. The measured impedance at the relaying point is greatly influenced in the presence of UPFC on...
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