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Conventional load flow methods for transmission systems could not be utilized for distribution systems, due to their especial characteristics. If methods like Newton-Raphson and Fast-Decoupled are utilized in the case of distribution networks, probability of their convergence would be low. Therefore, due to inherent characteristics of distribution networks, it is essential to develop distribution...
This paper presents the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of Static Var Compensator (SVC), one of the shunt connected Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices; in the case of inter phase, phase to phase and three phase, faults. The presence of SVC on a transmission line has a great influence on the measured impedance at the relaying point. In the presence...
This paper presents a new impedance based fault location method in the case of phase to phase and three phase faults. This method utilized the measured impedance by distance relay and super imposed current factor, which is the ratio of post-fault current to super imposed current, to discriminate the fault position on the line. This method is robust against the fault resistance. The presented method...
This paper presents the measured impedance at the relaying point of compensated transmission lines with SSSC under different fault conditions. The locus of the apparent impedance under different system operation and fault condition is obtained whilst fault location and resistance are changed. It is shown that the presence of SSSC on a transmission line has a great influence on the apparent impedance,...
This paper presents an adaptive distance protection in the presence of Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), one of the series connected Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The presence of SSSC on a transmission line has a great influence on the measured impedance at the relaying point. The measured impedance itself depends on the power system structural conditions,...
This paper presents the effects of Static Var Compensator (SVC), one of the shunt connected Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices, on the measured impedance at the relaying point in the case of inter phase, phase to phase and three phase, faults. The measured impedance at the relaying point is affected by several factors, including the line pre-fault loading, line structural...
This paper discusses the maximum fault resistance, which can be tolerated by a communication aided distance relay with Quadrilateral characteristic in the case of inter phase, phase to phase and three phase, faults. This is defined as the boundary fault resistance, which is the maximum fault resistance that the relay can discriminate between in-zone and out-of-zone faults correctly. The robustness...
Distance relays are widely used as main and back-up protection for transmission lines. Their operation is based on impedance measurement at the relaying point, which can be affected by several factors, including pre-fault line loading and short circuit levels at the line ends. Continues demand for electricity energy leads to increase of short circuit levels along the network, which itself causes new...
This paper presents an adaptive distance protection in the presence of STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM), one of the shunt connected Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The presence of STATCOM on a transmission line has a great influence on the measured impedance at the relaying point. The measured impedance itself depends on the power system structural conditions,...
Distance protection is not utilized in distribution networks, unlike the transmission systems, due to the inherent characteristic of the distribution networks and the additional required facilities of the distance protection, compared with over-current protection, which is in use in the distribution systems. This paper presents the measured impedance at the source node of a distribution feeder in...
This paper presents the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), one of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices, and compares the effect of series and shunt reactive power compensation via UPFC from distance relay point of view. The presence of UPFC on a transmission line greatly influences the measured impedance at...
This paper presents a modified distance protection scheme in the presence of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), one of the Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The presence of UPFC on a transmission line has a great influence on the measured impedance at the relaying point. The measured impedance itself depends on the power system structural conditions, pre-fault loading,...
The conventional load flow methods for transmission systems could not be utilised for distribution systems, due to their especial characteristics. If methods like Newton-Raphson and Fast-Decoupled are used for distribution systems, the probability of their convergence will be low. Therefore, due to inherent characteristics of distribution systems, it is essential to develop the distribution version...
Fault resistance is a source of error for distance relays leading to deviation of the measured impedance from its actual value. The presence of the fault resistance not only leads to measured resistance deviation, but also affects the measured reactance. This would lead to either under-reaching or over-reaching. This paper investigates the over-reaching aspect by defining over-reaching factor for...
Distance relays are one of the mostly used protective devices in transmission systems. These relays are used as main, first zone and a part of second zone, and backup, the rest of second zone and third zone, protective devices. Fault resistance is a source of error for distance relays in the form of the measured impedance deviation from its actual value. This paper investigates the measured impedance...
This paper discusses the distance relay over-reaching due the presence of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), one of the series connected Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices, considering its MOV operation. This is done by presenting the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of TCSC at the near end of the next line. The measured impedance...
This paper presents a new impedance based fault location method in the case of single phase to earth faults. This method utilized the measured impedance by distance relay and super imposed current factor, which is the ratio of post-fault current to super imposed current, to discriminate the fault position on the line. This method is robust against the fault resistance. The presented method only uses...
This paper presents an adaptive distance protection scheme in the presence of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), one of the Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The presence of UPFC on a transmission line has a great influence on the measured impedance at the relaying point. The measured impedance itself depends on the power system structural conditions, pre-fault loading,...
Distance relays are widely used as main and back-up protection for transmission lines. Their operation is based on impedance measurement at the relaying point, which can be affected by several factors, including pre-fault line loading and short circuit levels at the line ends. Continues demand for electricity energy leads to increase of the short circuit levels along the network, which itself causes...
This paper presents a modified distance protection in the presence of Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), one of the series connected Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The presence of SSSC on a transmission line has a great influence on the measured impedance at the relaying point. The measured impedance itself depends on the power system structural conditions,...
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