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The paper specifies the most frequently used load models. These load models are presented, discussed and correlated with the corresponding low voltage equipment and devices, as reported in existing literature. Load model parameters are statistically analysed, including dispersion of their values. Additionally, the paper presents analysis of load model parameters used at higher voltage levels, based...
Since the electricity industry unbundling, frequency control has became a service. It is mainly provided by synchronous generators connected to the transmission grid. Nevertheless, other synchronous entities (electric systems and offshore wind farms), which are not synchronously linked to the main interconnection, could technically contribute to the frequency control. Their participation is conditioned...
An efficient ancillary services mechanism implies a good coordination between the regulatory side, transmission system operators and power producers. In continental Europe, ancillary services represent a formal relationship between the actors. The regulatory side establishes recommendations. Transmission system operators adapt them according to the power system specificities and demand the generators...
Before the first connection to the French transmission grid, a power producer must perform stability analysis and verify if the generator meets the requirements imposed by the transmission system operator. These analysis concern both transient and small signal stability but the present paper focuses on small signal stability only. The robustness margins represent an interesting way to quantify the...
The consumption behavior provokes frequency deviations that are controlled by power plants contributions to ancillary services. The trip of an important power generator obliges the transmission grid operator to buy energy through the balancing mechanism. Having real-time information about generation unit trips is also interesting for power producers. This kind of hints allows them to quantify the...
Electric systems and the associated infrastructures (communications and information technology networks, etc.) interfere more and more one another and the global vulnerability increases. Due to the complexity and connectivity, a single infrastructure failure could provoke cascading effects. The transmission system operators guarantee the electric power systems operational security. To manage it as...
Due to the deregulation consequences (economical imperatives and technical difficulties), the electric power systems operate nowadays close to the security limits. In order to protect the grid against severe contingencies and to increase the security margins, the transmission systems operators have to take special measures. These actions are based on security analysis. Present paper proposes a cyclic...
In the nowadays deregulation context and with the opening access to the electricity market event, new independent power producers demand the connection to the transmission and distribution grid. In order to quantify each connection impact on the power network security, it is imperative that independent power producers respect the performances stipulated in the connection convention. But, due to economic...
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