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Through the application of functional electrical stimulation (FES) individuals with paraplegia can regain lost walking function. However, due to the rapid onset of muscle fatigue, the walking duration obtained with an FES-based neuroprosthesis is often relatively short. The rapid muscle fatigue can be compensated for by using a hybrid system that uses both FES and an active orthosis. In this paper,...
This study describes the preliminary performance of an implanted neuroprosthesis for standing and transfers after spinal cord injury. The system is a 16-channel version of the 8-channel Case Western Reserve University/Veteran Affairs (CWRU/VA) standing/transfer neural prosthesis. It includes bilateral four channel femoral nerve cuff electrodes for stimulation of the vastii to provide knee extension...
Electrolyte and metabolic disturbances are common in the critically ill patient. Hyponatraemia in the most frequent abnormality and is often caused by SIADH. Sodium should be corrected at a rate of < 10 mmol/day. Hypernatraemia is caused by a loss of free water, including diabetes insipidus after head injury. Treatment is replacement of water and DDAVP in DI. Disorders of potassium cause cardiac...
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