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The average failure rate of an n − 1/n parallel redundant system of n identical elements, each of which has a constant failure rate of λ, that is repaired every T hours can be approximated by the upper bound n(n − 1)λ2T/2. If λT < 1, the ratio of the upper bound to the actual average failure rate is less than or equal to I + (n −)λT/I − λT/2. These formulas provide a convenient method for predicting...