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The most commonly used weighted least square state estimator in power industry is nonlinear and formulated by using conventional measurements such as line flow and injection measurements. PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units) are gradually adding them to improve the state estimation process. In this paper the way of corporation the PMU data to the conventional measurements and a linear formulation of the...
The objective of this work is to study the influence of the manufacturing technology on the varistor characteristics and its equivalent circuit. For this aim, a comparative study between two types of ZnO varistors, prepared by conventional and chemical methods respectively, was accomplished. The specimens of the two types of varistors were characterized by their I(V) characteristics, before and after...
In this paper the electric field in a distribution zinc oxide arrester, just at the first instant of incidence of a surge, is studied and the influence of different parameters on its maximum intensity is being verified. By axisymmetric modeling we study the effect of several characteristics, such as the geometry and the structure of the arrester housing, materials used in the arrester, humidity penetrated...
The important properties of ZnO nonlinear ceramic include its nonlinear coefficient, alpha, which is the derivative of the log of the current density with respect to the log of the field, the threshold voltage, energy absorption capability, etc. However the shape of alpha is also important. One would prefer that the ZnO "turn on" (become substantially conductive) very rapidly, while how...
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