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Directional freezing is based on a simple thermodynamic principle where ice crystals are precisely controlled through the sample by regulating the velocity of the sample movement through the predetermined temperature gradient. Directional freezing permits a precise and uniform cooling rate in both small and large volume samples. Directional freezing was used for slow and rapid freezing, as well as...
Summary form only given. Experiments were performed with laser arrays based on InGaAs-GaAs quantum well laser structure with epitaxially grown Bragg mirrors. The arrays were fabricated by spatially modulating the top laser mirror reflectivity, by the deposition of highly reflecting metal on the laser elements, and less reflecting metal on the interlasers part of the array, forming a quasi-gain-guided...
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