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New coking indexes were developed to measure how near a pyrolysis system is to coke formation during the coke formation induction period. These are based on an asphaltene flocculation titration and the cyclohexane soluble portion of heptane asphaltenes. Coking indexes were determined for five residua before and after pyrolysis for 60 and 90min at 400 o C. The coking indexes appear to be universal...
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) images were obtained on asphalts which were dissolved in toluene and titrated with iso-octane to the point of onset of flocculation. When iso-octane was added to the asphalt and the mixture stirred, asphaltene precipitation proceeded in a normal fashion. However, when the titrant was added slowly to minimize mixing at the iso-octane-asphalt-toluene interface, the images...
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging methods have been applied to study the behavior of crumb rubber materials in asphalt. Pieces of natural tire rubber and styrene-butadiene tire rubber were immersed in a high acid-content asphalt and heated at 170 o C for different periods of time up to 48 h. After heating, 3D images were acquired during cooling and after the samples were at room temperature...
Catalysts of the CoMo type were prepared on four different surface-modified alumina supports: (1) TiO 2 -coated by impregnation, (2) ZrO 2 -coated by impregnation, (3) TiO 2 -coated by deposition, and (4) carbon-coated by pyrolysis. These catalysts were used in a catalytic coal liquefaction microreactor. The coke deposits on the spent catalysts were investigated using ...
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