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Considerable success has been achieved in the treatment of HIV-1 infection, and more than two-dozen antiretroviral drugs are available targeting several distinct steps in the viral replication cycle. However, resistance to these compounds emerges readily, even in the context of combination therapy. Drug toxicity, adverse drug–drug interactions, and accompanying poor patient adherence can also lead...
Recent failures in efforts to develop an effective vaccine against HIV-1 infection have emphasized the importance of antiretroviral therapy in treating HIV-1-infected patients. Thus far, inhibitors of two viral enzymes, reverse transcriptase and protease, have had a profoundly positive impact on the survival of HIV-1-infected patients. However, new inhibitors that act at diverse steps in the viral...
A well defined structure is available for the carboxyl half of the cellular prion protein (PrP c ), while the structure of the amino terminal half of the molecule remains ill defined. The unstructured nature of the polypeptide has meant that relatively few of the many antibodies generated against PrP c recognise this region. To circumvent this problem, we have used a previously characterised...
3-O-(3′,3′-dimethylsuccinyl) betulinic acid, also termed PA-457 or DSB, is a novel HIV-1 inhibitor that blocks virus maturation by disrupting cleavage of the capsid precursor, CA-SP1. To better define the molecular target for PA-457, we prepared a panel of mutant viruses with point deletions spanning the CA-SP1 cleavage domain and characterized each of these viruses for PA-457 sensitivity. Our results...
Expression of the murine leukaemia virus (MLV) major Gag antigen p65 Gag using the baculovirus expression system leads to efficient assembly and release of virus-like particles (VLP) representative of immature MLV. Expression of p180 Gag-Pol , facilitated normally in mammalian cells by readthrough of the p65 Gag termination...
Expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protein in insect cells using baculovirus vectors leads to the abundant production of virus-like particles (VLPs) that represent the immature form of the virus. When Gag-Pol is included, however, VLP production is abolished, a result attributed to premature protease activation degrading the intracellular pool of Gag precursor before particle...
The yeast retrotransposon, Ty1, produces a macromolecular structure known as a virus-like particle (VLP) as an essential part of its replication cycle. The Ty1 Gag-like structural protein TYA, p1-440, alone is capable of directing assembly of the VLP. In order to determine the TYA sequences required for assembly, we have produced a series of truncated and deleted TYA forms and assessed their ability...
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