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After birth and throughout life haemopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow. In the early embryo, blood cells, mainly erythrocytes, arise from blood islands in the yolk sac before more varied cells, including lymphoid and myeloid stem cells and precursors, are derived from the aorto-gonad-mesonephron of the para-aortic splanchnopleure. Fetal haemopoiesis occurs mainly in the liver. The haemopoietic...
Red blood cells (RBCs) carry oxygen bound reversibly to the ferrous Fe 2+ atoms of the four haem groups of the haemoglobin (Hb) tetramer. In order to transport the Hb around the body in a functional state, the RBC requires a flexible membrane and contents to pass passively through the capillary bed and a source of energy to maintain the internal milieu. Adenosine triphosphate is provided by...
Haematological abnormalities are common in systemic disease. Chronic inflammatory conditions, benign or malignant, cause the release of cytokines, which produces the anaemia of chronic disease, often with a reactive thrombocytosis. Autoimmune cytopenias accompany many systemic immune disorders and lymphomas. Liver disease causes coagulation defects through loss of clotting factors. Infections in general...
Aplastic anaemia (AA) is the main syndrome of bone marrow failure. The term implies failure of production of all three cell lineages with replacement of normal haemopoietic marrow by fat cells. The condition may be inherited or acquired. There is overlap with other causes of bone marrow failure such as hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Haemopoietic stem cells are reduced in number and proliferative...
After birth and throughout life haemopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow. In the early embryo, blood cells, mainly erythrocytes, arise from blood islands in the yolk sac before more varied cells, including lymphoid and myeloid stem cells and precursors, are derived from the aorto-gonad-mesonephron of the para-aortic splanchnopleure. Foetal haemopoieis occurs mainly in the liver. The stem cell is...
Red blood cells (RBCs) carry oxygen bound reversibly to the ferrous Fe ++ atoms of the four haem groups of the haemoglobin (Hb) tetramer. In order to transport the Hb around the body in a functional state, the RBC requires a flexible membrane and contents to pass passively through the capillary bed and a source of energy to maintain the internal milieu. ATP is provided by anaerobic glycolysis...
The term ‘bone marrow failure’ encompasses conditions in which there is a primary failure, at the haemopoietic precursor level, to produce one or more of the circulating blood cell lineages. The term usually excludes pancytopenia associated with marrow infiltration (as in acute leukaemia and cytopenias), and those that arise from predominantly peripheral destruction. Bone marrow failure may be acquired...
Definition: anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) is the most common anaemia (more common than iron-deficiency anaemia) in hospitalized patients. It occurs in those with chronic infection, chronic inflammation or malignancy (Figure 1). A similar anaemia has recently been recognized in congestive heart failure and type 1 diabetes without significant renal failure. ACD presents as normocytic, normochromic...
The function of RBCs is to carry haemoglobin around the body in high concentrations such that oxygen is taken up in the lungs and delivered to the tissues. To accomplish this, RBCs have certain physical characteristics requiring energy to maintain them. In humans, the RBC is an enucleate, biconcave disc that can deform, allowing it to pass freely through the smallest channels of the circulation (e...
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