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The etiology of hematuria in the pediatric population is varied and ranges from infections, trauma, medical renal diseases, and urolithiasis, to congenital urologic conditions and, rarely, malignancies of the urinary tract. More often than not, hematuria in children is caused by medical rather than surgical processes. Hematuria may be characterized as microscopic or macroscopic (gross) and may be...
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract. Despite being one of the most prevalent urologic diagnoses in children, the optimal management of VUR remains controversial. Options include observation with or without continuous antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical correction via endoscopic, open or laparoscopic/robotic approaches. Surgical intervention...
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