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Herbivory pressure is an important ecological aspect to determine quantitative variation in plant defenses, such as the number of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and their nectar amount and quality. Extrafloral nectaries can attract ants, which can be considered a type of induced plant defense. Besides, plants tend to invest more in defense when they are more vulnerable to herbivores. Therefore, we aimed...
Plants growing on soils poor in phosphorus (P) develop P-acquisition strategies such as symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In very poor soils, cluster roots, a non-symbiotic alternative strategy enables plants to extract P uptake by developing modified roots. The latter strategy is characteristic (if not a derived trait) of the Southern Hemisphere Proteaceae, which are...
This study aimed to elucidate the anatomy and morphology of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) in Maprounea brasiliensis and whether environmental factors influence their traits of production and morphology. For this reason, we sampled leaves from individuals subjected to distinct fire and water regimes, and the anatomy and ultrastructures of EFNs as well as the chemical constitution of nectar were analyzed...
Nectaries in leaves of Gentianaceae have been poorly studied. The present study aims to describe the distribution, anatomy, and ecological aspects of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) of three Calolisianthus species and in particular the ultrastructure of EFNs in Calolisianthus speciosus during leaf development, discussing its unusual structure. Leaves of Calolisianthus species were fixed and processed...
The occurrence of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) in Meliaceae has been reported for some genera, but little anatomical data are available. Therefore, to determine the distribution and structural aspects of EFNs, Cedrela fissilis Vell. leaves in different stages of development were collected, fixed, and processed for light and scanning electron microscopy. On the petiole, rachis and petiolule, EFNs were...
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